At present, most of the main bodies of high-rise or super high-rise buildings are made of steel, which has poor fire resistance performance. If effective fire protection measures are not taken, the structure will be easily damaged in the event of a fire. The best illustration. The use of SiO2 aerogel heat-insulating composite materials for fire protection of steel structures can not only extend the fire protection time, but also does not release harmful substances to the human body at high temperatures. It is an all-green fireproof material, so it is very popular. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest altitude and longest plateau railway in the world. Its construction is of extremely important strategic significance to promote economic exchanges, enhance national unity, maintain national unity, consolidate national defense security, and maintain social stability. The construction of railways on the plateau faces two major problems: the climate of the plateau and the frozen soil. As the temperature changes and rises and falls, the frozen soil layer produces frozen swelling and melted subsidence, which will bring adverse effects on construction projects. This is also one of the causes of damage to engineering buildings in permafrost regions. The development of new SiO2 aerogel high-efficiency thermal insulation composite materials has broad prospects for solving this problem. As a new type of building material, aerogel glass has good thermal stability, thermal shock resistance, and thermal insulation. It can replace traditional mineral wool and make the house both thermally insulated and warm. If it is used in high-rise buildings, it can replace ordinary curtain wall glass, greatly reduce the weight of the building, and can play a fireproof role. In addition, SiO2 aerogel insulation can be used as a high-efficiency thermal insulation and sound absorbing material due to its lower apparent density and thermal conductivity, and better high temperature resistance.